Aberystwyth University does not promote the use of a universal referencing style as some styles are better suited to a particular subject discipline than others. Individual Departments will therefore have a preferred referencing style.
Select the relevant examples below for your Departmental referencing style.
A detailed description of how to use MLA 8th edition has been produced by the School of Art which should be referred to by students in that department. This guide provides examples of commonly cited sources.
The MLA quiz at the end of this LibGuide is based on the School of Art's stylesheet.
In text citations should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'
Creating the Works Cited list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Works cited list:
Cruise, Colin. Pre-‐Raphaelite Drawing. Thames and Hudson, 2011.
Heuser, Harry. Immaterial Culture: Literature, Drama and the American Radio Play, 1929-‐1954. Peter Lang, 2013
Meyrick, Robert. John Elwyn. Ashgate, 2000
Martineau, Jane, et al. Shakespeare in Art. Merrell, 2003.
Meyrick, Robert, and Harry Heuser. The Prints of Stanley Anderson RA. Royal Academy of Arts, 2015
In text citations follow same pattern as physical book should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'
Creating the Works Cited list:
When referencing an ebook follow this order:
Works cited list:
Harvey, John. Image of the Invisible : the Visualization of Religion in the Welsh Nonconformist Tradition. University of Wales Press, 1999.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=27384&site=ehost-live. Accessed 30 April 2020.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
In text-citation:
(Harvey 55)
(Heuser 29)
Works cited list:
Harvey, John. “The Ghost in the Machine: Spirit and Technology.” Ashgate Research Companion to Paranormal Cultures, edited by Olu Jenzen and Sally R. Munt, Routledge, 2013, pp. 51-64.
Heuser, Harry. “‘Please don’t whip me this time’: The Passions of George Powell of NantEos.” Queer Wales, edited by Huw Osborne, U of Wales P, 2016, pp. 45-64.
Note: Provide the entire page range for the essay/article. In your essay, state only the page(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase was derived. While the author of the essay is mentioned first, the editors of the book in which the essay appears are named after the title of the book.
When referencing a journal article, the entry in the works cited should include:
Example: journal article (print)
Heuser, Harry. “Bigotry and Virtue: George Powell and the Question of Legacy.” New Welsh Reader, no. 110, Winter 2015, pp. 18-29.
If you used an online database instead of a physical library such as Hugh Owen to retrieve the source, identify the database, URL/DOI/permalink and state the access date (see example below). The access date must be the day on which you retrieved the article.
Example: journal article (electronically accessed)
Ward, Maryanne C. “A Painting of the Unspeakable: Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare and the Creation of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.” Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, vol. 33, no. 1, 2000, pp. 20-31. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/1315115. Accessed 30 Sept. 2016.
References to art works in your works cited list should include:
Examples:
Croft, Paul. Minokami Idol. Lithograph on hot pressed rag paper, 1993, School of Art Gallery and Museum, Aberystwyth University.
Taeuber-Arp, Sophie. Tête Dada. Painted wood with glass beads on wire, 1920, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Whall, Miranda. Untitled. (Birds on my Head #2). German etch on watercolour paper, 2011, Shifting Subjects: Contemporary Women Telling the Self through the Visual Arts, Abbey Walk Gallery, Grimsby, 2 Sept.-31 Oct. 2015.
Note: The medium may be omitted in the Works Cited entry if it is mentioned in the essay or stated in a caption for a reproduction of the object in question. When a work of art/object of visual culture is discussed in an essay, the medium should be identified.
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation:
("Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.")
Works cited list:
“Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Business students can find their Departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Students of Criminology should refer to and save the Aberystwyth University Harvard Referencing for Criminology Guide which can be found on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
This page provides examples of commonly cited sources. Please refer to the APA Departmental guides here:
APA 7th Edition apastyle.apa.org/
This style uses an author-date format for the in-text citations and then the full source details are listed A-Z in the reference list.
See the following tabs for advice on creating the reference list.
Creating the reference list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Reference list:
Smyth, T.R. (2004). The principles of writing in Psychology. Palgrave MacMillan.
When referencing an e-book follow this order:
Loschiavo, J. (2015). Fast Facts for the School Nurse: School Nursing in a Nutshell (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826128775
When referencing a book chapter follow this order:
Smyth, M. J., & Filipkowski, B.K. (2010). Coping with stress. In D. French, K. Vadhara, A.A. Kaptein, & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (pp. 271-283). Blackwell Publishing.
When referencing an article follow this order:
Beaman, P.C., & Holt, J.N. (2007). Reverberant auditory environments: the effects of multiple echoes on distraction by 'irrelevant' speech. Applied Cognitive psychology, 21(8), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1315
When referencing a webpage follow this order:
World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO updates global guidance on medicines and diagnostic tests to address health challenges, prioritise highly effective therapeutics, and improve affordable access. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-07-2019-who-updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests-to-address-health-challenges-prioritize-highly-effective-therapeutics-and-improve-affordable-access
A document on the web can include government reports or policy documents. They are referenced differently to a webpage:
Howe, C., Mercer, N. (2007). Children's social development, peer interaction and classroom learning. https://cprtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/research-survey-2-1b.pdf
Use newspaper articles as a starting point for research. They are not considered academic sources. Use the following format:
Sisley, D. (2020, Feb 22). Can science cure a broken heart?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/22/can-science-cure-a-broken-heart
Social media posts, such as Twitter and Facebook, are not considered academic sources. Use them as a starting point and reference to your academic research. Use the following format:
Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled [Facebook update]. Retrieved May, 14, 2020, from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?
id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775
APA 7th Edition apastyle.apa.org/
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Education department students can find their departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The English & Creative Writing department's Stylesheet for Essays, Dissertations and other Coursework can be found in Blackboard. This is a summary of the advice and examples provided there. Have the stylesheet to hand while you work and refer to it for more detail. Your work should be double-spaced and you are advised to be guided by the punctuation in the example references.
The stylesheet is based on the MHRA Style Guide (3rd edition).
The MHRA quiz at the end of this LibGuide is based on the English & Creative Writing department's stylesheet.
Citing means mentioning the titles of books and other items in your work
Example:
C. J. Atkin, in a recent article called ‘Busy Old Fools’ in Essays in Criticism, discusses Donne’s ‘The Sun Rising’, relating it to several aspects of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Her conclusions are different from those she reached a few years ago in her book Renaissance Resonances, in which Chapter Seven, ‘Donne Speaks to Shakespeare’, deals more briefly with the same topic.
In the example
A full reference to each citation must be included in the bibliography.
Short quotations can be anything up to 40 words and are enclosed single inverted commas.
The first quotation from a source is referenced with a footnote. How do I insert a footnote into an MS Word document?
If there are subsequent quotations from the same source in the work, the first reference is followed by a sentence explaining how subsequent references will be referred to.
Example
It has been argued that 'history first ended at the beginning of the nineteenth century.'¹
________
¹Jerome Christensen, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry, 20 (1994), 452-76 (p. 456). Subsequent references to this source are given in the text as ‘Christensen’ followed by the page number.
Note
A subsequent quotation from the same source is referenced by a brief reference in brackets within the work as shown in the example.
Example
For the Romantics, an acute ‘sense of cultural belatedness’ (Christensen, p. 467) co-existed with their equally strong sense of being cultural pioneers.
Long quotations are
Example
Boland has argued that the trope of ‘woman-as-nation’ often led to stylized and idealised depictions of Irish womanhood:
The women in Irish male poems tended to be emblematic and passive, granted a purely ornamental status. Once the feminine image in their poems became fused with a national concept then both were simplified and reduced. It was the absence of women in the poetic tradition which allowed women in the poems to be simplified. (Boland, p.47)
Later in the same essay, Boland gives a number of examples of this process by which ‘woman’ has often been ‘simplified’ in Irish poetry.
Verse is treated in a similar way to other quotations however there are some differences.
A short verse quotation is two lines of verse from a poem or play
Example (not the first reference Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales as indicated by the brief reference in brackets)
‘Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote / The droghte of Marche hath perced to the rote’ (Chaucer, ll. 1-2).
Follow the lineation of the original. This means that you neither add the ‘/’ to indicate line breaks, nor do you run lines together into a block of prose.
The bibliography is a list of ALL of the sources cited or referenced in your essay, but does not include those you have only consulted.
Wordsworth, William and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads, 2nd edn, ed. by R. L. Brett and A. R. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991)
Turner, Marion, Chaucerian Conflict: Languages of Antagonism in Late Fourteenth-Century London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007)
Ferguson, Frances, ‘Malthus, Godwin, Wordsworth, and the Spirit of Solitude’, in Literature and the Body: Essays on Populations and Persons, ed. by Elaine Scarry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 106-24
Christensen, Jerome, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry, 20 (1994), 452-76
Franey, Laura, 'Terror and Liberation on the Railway in Women's Short Stories of 1894', NineteenthCentury Gender Studies, 14.1 (2018), <https://www.ncgsjournal.com/issue141/franey.htm> [accessed 10 September 2018]
Flood, Alison, ‘Cloud Atlas “astonishingly different” in US and UK editions, study finds’, The Guardian (2016), <http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/10/cloud-atlas-astonishinglydifferent-in-us-and-uk-editions-study-finds> [accessed 23 August 2018]
Metropolis, dir. By Fritz Lang (UFA, 1927)
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
More APA Healthcare examples on the Healthcare Education LibGuide
This page provides examples of commonly cited sources. Please refer to the APA Departmental guides here:
This style uses an author-date format for the in-text citations and then the full source details are listed A-Z in the reference list.
See the following tabs for advice on creating the reference list.
Creating the reference list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Reference list:
Smyth, T.R. (2004). The principles of writing in Psychology. Palgrave MacMillan.
When referencing an e-book follow this order:
Loschiavo, J. (2015). Fast Facts for the School Nurse: School Nursing in a Nutshell (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826128775
When referencing a book chapter follow this order:
Smyth, M. J., & Filipkowski, B.K. (2010). Coping with stress. In D. French, K. Vadhara, A.A. Kaptein, & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (pp. 271-283). Blackwell Publishing.
When referencing an article follow this order:
Beaman, P.C., & Holt, J.N. (2007). Reverberant auditory environments: the effects of multiple echoes on distraction by 'irrelevant' speech. Applied Cognitive psychology, 21(8), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1315
When referencing a webpage follow this order:
World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO updates global guidance on medicines and diagnostic tests to address health challenges, prioritise highly effective therapeutics, and improve affordable access. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-07-2019-who-updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests-to-address-health-challenges-prioritize-highly-effective-therapeutics-and-improve-affordable-access
A document on the web can include government reports or policy documents. They are referenced differently to a webpage:
Howe, C., Mercer, N. (2007). Children's social development, peer interaction and classroom learning. https://cprtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/research-survey-2-1b.pdf
Use newspaper articles as a starting point for research. They are not considered academic sources. Use the following format:
Sisley, D. (2020, Feb 22). Can science cure a broken heart?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/22/can-science-cure-a-broken-heart
Social media posts, such as Twitter and Facebook, are not considered academic sources. Use them as a starting point and reference to your academic research. Use the following format:
Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled [Facebook update]. Retrieved May, 14, 2020, from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?
id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775
APA 7th Edition apastyle.apa.org/
If you are a History & Welsh History student, you must follow the referencing guidance supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.
Citing means mentioning the titles of books and other items in your work
Example:
C. J. Atkin, in a recent article called ‘Busy Old Fools’ in Essays in Criticism, discusses Donne’s ‘The Sun Rising’, relating it to several aspects of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Her conclusions are different from those she reached a few years ago in her book Renaissance Resonances, in which Chapter Seven, ‘Donne Speaks to Shakespeare’, deals more briefly with the same topic.
In the example
A full reference to each citation must be included in the bibliography.
Short quotations can be anything up to 40 words and are enclosed single inverted commas.
The first quotation from a source is referenced with a footnote. How do I insert a footnote into an MS Word document?
If there are subsequent quotations from the same source in the work, the first reference is followed by a sentence explaining how subsequent references will be referred to.
Example
It has been argued that 'history first ended at the beginning of the nineteenth century.'¹
________
¹Jerome Christensen, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry, 20 (1994), 452-76 (p. 456). Subsequent references to this source are given in the text as ‘Christensen’ followed by the page number.
Note
A subsequent quotation from the same source is referenced by a brief reference in brackets within the work as shown in the example.
Example
For the Romantics, an acute ‘sense of cultural belatedness’ (Christensen, p. 467) co-existed with their equally strong sense of being cultural pioneers.
Long quotations are
Example
Boland has argued that the trope of ‘woman-as-nation’ often led to stylized and idealised depictions of Irish womanhood:
The women in Irish male poems tended to be emblematic and passive, granted a purely ornamental status. Once the feminine image in their poems became fused with a national concept then both were simplified and reduced. It was the absence of women in the poetic tradition which allowed women in the poems to be simplified. (Boland, p.47)
Later in the same essay, Boland gives a number of examples of this process by which ‘woman’ has often been ‘simplified’ in Irish poetry.
Verse is treated in a similar way to other quotations however there are some differences.
A short verse quotation is two lines of verse from a poem or play
Example (not the first reference Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales as indicated by the brief reference in brackets)
‘Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote / The droghte of Marche hath perced to the rote’ (Chaucer, ll. 1-2).
Follow the lineation of the original. This means that you neither add the ‘/’ to indicate line breaks, nor do you run lines together into a block of prose.
The bibliography is a list of ALL of the sources cited or referenced in your essay, but does not include those you have only consulted.
Wordsworth, William and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads, 2nd edn, ed. by R. L. Brett and A. R. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991)
Turner, Marion, Chaucerian Conflict: Languages of Antagonism in Late Fourteenth-Century London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007)
Ferguson, Frances, ‘Malthus, Godwin, Wordsworth, and the Spirit of Solitude’, in Literature and the Body: Essays on Populations and Persons, ed. by Elaine Scarry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 106-24
Christensen, Jerome, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry, 20 (1994), 452-76
Franey, Laura, 'Terror and Liberation on the Railway in Women's Short Stories of 1894', NineteenthCentury Gender Studies, 14.1 (2018), <https://www.ncgsjournal.com/issue141/franey.htm> [accessed 10 September 2018]
Flood, Alison, ‘Cloud Atlas “astonishingly different” in US and UK editions, study finds’, The Guardian (2016), <http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/10/cloud-atlas-astonishinglydifferent-in-us-and-uk-editions-study-finds> [accessed 23 August 2018]
Metropolis, dir. By Fritz Lang (UFA, 1927)
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Information Studies students can find their Departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
(Please note: this information is taken from the Writing and Referencing in InterPol handbook which can be found here)
Using the Footnote/ Endnote System
There is much greater similarity between the two components of the footnote-endnote system than is the case with the Harvard/ in-text system. The reference in the bibliography will normally be the same as the reference in the footnote/ endnote but without the need to refer to a specific page reference.
First component
In the footnote/endnote system, the references are marked by a superscript number in the text and placed either at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the essay (endnotes).
For example, in the text of your essay a reference number, normally superscripted, should be added:
...in such a system war is said to be inevitable.1
Please note that this reference number is placed after the full-stop not before. At the bottom of the page or the end of the essay should appear a list corresponding to the reference numbers in the text. References should be in full the first time they are mentioned.
Thereafter the author's name and an abbreviated title should be used (do not use op. cit. or ibid. as this can cause confusion if the text is revised later). For example:
Hence it is the system structure which is claimed to be the crucial variable.2
Second component
The second component of the footnote/endnote system is a complete list of references given at the end of the essay, arranged in alphabetical order of the author’s last name. You should provide a reference for all sources consulted during the researching and writing of the essay even if you have not cited them directly in the essay. The references should conform to the format given in the examples on the following pages.
Books
Footnote/ endnote: Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics (London, McGraw Hill, 1979), p. 117.
Bibliography: Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics (London, McGraw Hill, 1979).
Chapters in edited volumes
Footnote/ endnote: Grieco, J. 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation', in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: the Contemporary Debate, edited by David Baldwin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 126.
Bibliography: Grieco, J. 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation', in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: the Contemporary Debate, edited by David Baldwin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 116-42.
Journal articles
Footnote/ endnote: Wendt, A. 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987) p. 49.
Bibliography: Wendt, A. 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987) pp. 35-70.
Referencing a document or publication produced by a Government, International Organisation, Corporation or NGO
Footnote/ endnote House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Cultural Diplomacy’ (London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987), p. 7.
Bibliography: House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Cultural Diplomacy’ (London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987)
Referencing an article in a newspaper or magazine
Footnote/ endnote: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian (London), 1 March 2011, p. 17.
Bibliography: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian (London), 1 March 2011.
If you have accessed the article online, make this clear in the footnote/ endnote and in the bibliography:
Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian, 1 March 2011. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/01/dictators-britain-armstrade-hypocrisy [Accessed 24 October 2011].
Referencing a television or radio broadcast
Same for footnote/ endnote and bibliography:
Panorama, BBC2, 30 January 2011, 20.00
Websites/Blogs/Twitter
Same for footnote/ endnote and bibliography:
BBC News, North Korea Country Profile. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1131421.stm [Accessed 23 July 2011].
Davies, M. ‘IR Theory: Problem-Solving Theory Versus Critical Theory’, E-IR, 19 September 2014 [Blog], Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2014/09/19/ir-theoryproblem-solving-theory-versus-critical-theory/ [Accessed 30 September 2014].
Obama, B. “We have to work together as a global community to tackle this global threat before it is too late.” – President Obama, 23 September 2014 [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/514462253605609472 [Accessed 30 September 2014].
Referencing material accessed by an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, etc.)
If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead for indicating the location of a quoted section
For the footnote/ endnote and the bibliography, include the following information:
For example:
Smith, A, The Wealth of Nations (Kindle version, 2008). Accessed 20 August 2010 from Amazon.com.
Smith, A, The Wealth of Nations (Adobe Digital Editions version, 2008). Accessed 20 August 2010, doi:10.1036/007142363X.
Secondary Referencing
Secondary referencing means referencing a book or article that you haven’t read yourself but which you have seen quoted in another person’s work. When using the footnote/ endnote system, follow the following guidelines:
Enter a footnote or endnote citing the author you are quoting but make it clear that you have found the reference in another book.
For example:
Ninkovich, F. The Diplomacy of Ideas (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 1, cited in Vaughan, J. Unconquerable Minds. The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Middle East, 1945-1957 (Houndmills, Palgrave, 2005), p. 2.
In the bibliography, you would only enter the book in which you found the reference, in the case of the above example:
Vaughan, J. Unconquerable Minds. The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Middle East, 1945-1957 (Houndmills, Palgrave, 2005).
Please note, this information is taken from the Institute of Physics Author Guidelines for IOP Journals.
"References
We encourage the use of the Harvard or Vancouver reference systems. However, you can use any reference system providing it is sensible and consistent throughout the paper. We will ensure your references adhere to house style during the production process, whatever format you submit them in.
A reference should give your reader enough information to locate the article, and you should take care to ensure that the information is correct so that DOI links can be made.
Citations
Ensure that all references are cited in the text and that all citations have a corresponding reference" (IOP, n,d,, n.p.)
References to journal works should include:
Example:
For more than ten authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by et al.
Note that the article title is not mandatory, except for Journal of Neural Engineering (J. Neural Eng.), Measurement Science and Technology (Meas. Sci. Technol.), Physical Biology (Phys. Biol.), Physiological Measurement (Physiol. Meas.) and Physics in Medicine and Biology (Phys. Med. Biol.).
If no individual is named as the author, the reference may be by a collaborative group of authors or by a corporate body, e.g.:
If a collaboration is appended to one or more authors, the name of the collaboration must come before the year, e.g.:
References to a book should include:
Example:
References to a book may include (optional):
Example:
References to conference papers should include:
Example:
References to a conference proceedings may include (optional):
These should be treated as journals:
Conference series should include the title of the conference and the title of the series but not the publisher.
The exceptions are Journal of Physics: Conference Series (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.) and IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.), which should be set as journal references, e.g.:
Only permanent or persistent web links should be used in reference lists. Examples of acceptable links include:
References to pre-prints should include:
Example:
References to theses should include:
Examples:
The title is optional.
References to lecture notes should include:
Example:
References to articles that are accepted or submitted should include:
Example:
References to articles that are in preparation should include:
Example:
References that do not contain bibliographic information (i.e. they do not refer to other pieces of work) should be set as a footnote within the text and cited at the appropriate location.
Students of Law should refer to the OSCOLA 4th edition and its Quick Reference guide.
This page provides examples of commonly cited sources.
This style uses footnote format for the in-text citations. Full source details are listed bibliography in a slightly different format.
When referencing a printed book in a footnote, follow this order:
If you are using an eBook, you should normally create a reference in the same way as if you were using the print version. If it is published online only, you should follow the guidance for referencing websites as far as possible.
Footnote citation
[1] Geoffrey Rivlin, First Steps in the Law (7th edn. OUP 2015) 76
[2] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268
Bibliography
Hobbes, T. Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985)
Rivlin, G. First Steps in the Law (7th edn. OUP 2015)
When referencing a book chapter/contributions to edited collections follow this order:
In footnote:
Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006), 54.
In bibliography:
Rose, Francis ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006).
When referencing an article follow this order:
In footnote, with pinpoint:
JAG Griffith, 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42, 64.
In bibliography:
Griffith, JAG. 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42
Standard citation of law reports contain the following elements:
For cases before 2001/2002, include:
Footnote:
[1] Johnson v Rea [1962] 1 QB 373
[2] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1891] 1 QB 256, 262
Cases after 2001/2002 should contain the following elements:
Footnote:
[1] Dingmar v Dingmar [2006] EWCA Civ 942; [2007] Ch.109
[2] Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112 [42], [45]
In tables of cases:
If using many cases, organise into groups by jurisdication and alphabetise by first significant word in the citation.
For further guidance on citing case law including unreported cases and EU law, see the full OSCOLA Guide, pp.17-22
If all the information needed by the reader is included in your text, you do not need to provide a footnote to the legislation
For example, this sentence in an essay would not require a footnote as it clearly indicates the legislation being discussed.
Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 established powers to remove persons attending or preparing for a rave
However, if you do not indicate in your writing the name of the Act or the relevant section, a footnote is required.
In an essay, the following sentence would require a footnote:
Legislation concerning raves has stated that '"music" includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats.' [1].
Footnotes citing legislation should include:
Footnote:
[1] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 s 63 (1)(b)
Table of legislation:
List legislation used in your assignment alphabetically by first significant word in the short title.
When referencing a webpage follow this order:
In footnote:
Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009.
In bibliography:
Cole, Sarah, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009.
Unless instructed otherwise by a member of staff, you may use whatever referencing system you choose, as long as you format citations and reference list entries consistently. You must provide full bibliographic information, sufficient to enable a reader to find the reference in a library.
Using References
Full information on referencing in the Department of Mathematics can be found here
If you are a Modern Languages student, you must follow the referencing guidance supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.
In text citations should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'
Creating the Works Cited list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Works cited list:
Cruise, Colin. Pre-‐Raphaelite Drawing. Thames and Hudson, 2011.
Heuser, Harry. Immaterial Culture: Literature, Drama and the American Radio Play, 1929-‐1954. Peter Lang, 2013
Meyrick, Robert. John Elwyn. Ashgate, 2000
Martineau, Jane, et al. Shakespeare in Art. Merrell, 2003.
Meyrick, Robert, and Harry Heuser. The Prints of Stanley Anderson RA. Royal Academy of Arts, 2015
In text citations follow same pattern as physical book should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'
Creating the Works Cited list:
When referencing an ebook follow this order:
Works cited list:
Harvey, John. Image of the Invisible : the Visualization of Religion in the Welsh Nonconformist Tradition. University of Wales Press, 1999.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=27384&site=ehost-live. Accessed 30 April 2020.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
In text-citation:
(Harvey 55)
(Heuser 29)
Works cited list:
Harvey, John. “The Ghost in the Machine: Spirit and Technology.” Ashgate Research Companion to Paranormal Cultures, edited by Olu Jenzen and Sally R. Munt, Routledge, 2013, pp. 51-64.
Heuser, Harry. “‘Please don’t whip me this time’: The Passions of George Powell of NantEos.” Queer Wales, edited by Huw Osborne, U of Wales P, 2016, pp. 45-64.
Note: Provide the entire page range for the essay/article. In your essay, state only the page(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase was derived. While the author of the essay is mentioned first, the editors of the book in which the essay appears are named after the title of the book.
When referencing a journal article, the entry in the works cited should include:
Example: journal article (print)
Heuser, Harry. “Bigotry and Virtue: George Powell and the Question of Legacy.” New Welsh Reader, no. 110, Winter 2015, pp. 18-29.
If you used an online database instead of a physical library such as Hugh Owen to retrieve the source, identify the database, URL/DOI/permalink and state the access date (see example below). The access date must be the day on which you retrieved the article.
Example: journal article (electronically accessed)
Ward, Maryanne C. “A Painting of the Unspeakable: Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare and the Creation of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.” Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, vol. 33, no. 1, 2000, pp. 20-31. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/1315115. Accessed 30 Sept. 2016.
References to art works in your works cited list should include:
Examples:
Croft, Paul. Minokami Idol. Lithograph on hot pressed rag paper, 1993, School of Art Gallery and Museum, Aberystwyth University.
Taeuber-Arp, Sophie. Tête Dada. Painted wood with glass beads on wire, 1920, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Whall, Miranda. Untitled. (Birds on my Head #2). German etch on watercolour paper, 2011, Shifting Subjects: Contemporary Women Telling the Self through the Visual Arts, Abbey Walk Gallery, Grimsby, 2 Sept.-31 Oct. 2015.
Note: The medium may be omitted in the Works Cited entry if it is mentioned in the essay or stated in a caption for a reproduction of the object in question. When a work of art/object of visual culture is discussed in an essay, the medium should be identified.
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation:
("Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.")
Works cited list:
“Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
If you are a Theatre Film and Television Studies student, you must follow the Harvard (author-date) referencing style guide as supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
