Aberystwyth University does not promote the use of a universal referencing style as some styles are better suited to a particular subject discipline than others. Individual Departments will therefore have a preferred referencing style.
Select the relevant examples below for your Departmental referencing style.
School of Art students should use the latest edition of MLA style (MLA 9th edition).
If you have used the earlier version (MLA 8th edition - SoA Stylesheet) as part of your studies in the School of Art, you may continue to do so.
Whichever edition you use, you must do so consistently. (i.e choose one and stick to it).
The MLA quiz at the end of this LibGuide is based on the School of Art's stylesheet.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Business students can find their Departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
If a direct quote:
If a direct quotation (include the page number):
'It is unlikely that those sharing fake news content are carefully considering their audience' (Affellt, 2019, p. 35).
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book (print)' examples on the previous tab.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, pp. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Marcella, 2001)
Marcella (2001) investigated....
If a direct quote:
'A significant proportion of respondents stated that they had used electronic networks in accessing European information in the past' (Marcella, 2001, p.509).
Reference list
Marcella, R. (2001). ’The need for European Union information amongst women in the United Kingdom: results of a survey', Journal of Documentation, 57 (4) pp. 492-518.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), pp. 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project, 2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project (2019). Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, p. 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
Follow this order;
Example: Twitter
In-text citation:
(Aberystwyth University, 2023)
Aberystwyth University (2023) are ...
Reference list:
Aberystwyth University (2023) 'Scientists are in Switzerland investigating the increase in rock cover.' [Twitter] 6 July. Available at: https://twitter.com/AberUni/status/1676496158691082248 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
How to cite an AI:
A prompt is the input given to the AI in the form of text, for example it is what the user types in their 'chat box' to provide inputs to ChatGPT. If the input provided by the user is not text, it should be listed and explained in the tool use statement.
In-text citation
(Author, date of access) eg: (ChatGPT, 2023)
End Reference List:
For example:
ChatGPT v3 (2023) Open AI. Available online at https://chat.openai.com/. Accessed 24/08/23.
Prompts used within AI to generate responses should not be detailed in the end reference list but should be entered in the tool-use statement, which MUST then be an appendix to ALL assignments.
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013, p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Students of Criminology should refer to and save the Aberystwyth University Harvard Referencing for Criminology Guide which can be found on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
Book:
Example
In-text citation
(Brooks, 2012)
Reference list entry
Brooks, T. (2012) Punishment. London: Routledge.
Journal article:
For online only journals, then:
In-text citation
(Antonaccio and Tittle, 2007)
Reference list entry:
Antonaccio, O. and Tittle, C. R. (2007)'A Cross-National Test of Bonger’s Theory of Criminality and Economic Conditions', Criminology, Vol. 45(4): 925-958.
(NB: the ‘and’ between the names could be replaced by ‘&’; the colon (:) after the issue number could be replaced by ‘pp.’. This holds for all reference presentations, but be consistent).
Note that the citation is the chapter author not the book editors.
Example
In-text citation
(Johnstone and Ness, 2007)
Reference list entry
Johnstone, G. and Van Ness, D. (2007) ‘The meaning of restorative justice. In G. Johnstone and D. Van Ness (eds) Handbook of Restorative Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp.1- 23.
Legislation
Example
In-text citation
(Crime and Disorder Act 1998)
Reference list entry
Crime and Disorder Act 1998, c. 5. Available online at www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/37/section/5 [Accessed on 22 July, 2019].
Webpage with author
Example citation:
(Bateman and Hazel, 2014)
Example reference list entry:
Bateman T. and Hazel N. (2014) Youth Justice Timeline. Available online at www.beyondyouthcustody.net/wp-content/uploads/youth-justice-timeline.pdf [Accessed on 22 July, 2019].
Webpage with no author
Example citation:
(Protecting children from trafficking and modern slavery, 2019)
Example reference list entry
Protecting children from trafficking and modern slavery (2019) Available online at https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-trafficking-and-modern-slavery/ (Accessed on 22 July, 2019).
Conference paper
Example citation
(McCold, 2000)
Example reference list entry
McCold, P. (2000) ‘Overview of Mediation, Conferencing and Circles’. Paper Tenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders, Vienna, April 10-17. Available online at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/432663/files/A_CONF.187_15-EN.pdf (last accessed 22 July, 2019).
Research report
Example citation
(Liddle, et al. 2016)
Example reference list entry
Liddle, M., Boswell, G., Wright, S. and Francis, V. with Perry, R. (2016) Trauma and Young Offenders: A Review of the Research and Practice Literature. Available online at www.beyondyouthcustody.net/wp-content/uploads/Trauma-and-young-offenders-a-review-of-the-research-and-practice-literature.pdf [Accessed 23 July, 2019].
Named author:
Examples:
In-text citation
(Hollis, 2017)
Reference list entry:
Hollis V. (2017) The profile of the children and young people accessing an NSPCC service for harmful sexual behaviour. NSPCC. Available online at https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/media/1088/the-profile-of-the-children-and-young-people-accessing-an-nspcc-service-for-harmful-sexual-behaviour-summary-report-regular-text-version.pdf [Accessed 23 July, 2019].
No named author:
Examples:
In-text citation
(Prison Reform Trust, 2018)
Reference list entry:
Prison Reform Trust (2018) Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings Summer 2018. Available online at www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Bromley%20Briefings/Summer%202018%20factfile.pdf [Accessed 23 July, 2019].
Newspaper article (with identified author/byline)
Examples:
In-text citation
(Spillet, 2019)
Reference list entry
Spillett R. (2019) ‘Lawless Britain: Shocking figures reveal there are now two killings a DAY on UK streets as number of homicides soars to highest level for TEN YEARS... and fewer criminals are being caught!’ Daily Mail, 25 April. Available online at www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6958493/Number-killings-Britains-streets-hits-10-year-high-amid-knife-epidemic.html (Accessed on 22 July, 2019).
Newspaper article (no identified author/byline)
Examples:
In-text citation
(The Guardian, 2019) (page number after year, if available)
Reference list entry
The Guardian (2019) ‘The Guardian view on policing youth violence: knives are a public health issue’, 15 July. Available online at www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/15/the-guardian-view-on-policing-youth-violence-knives-are-a-public-health-issue (Accessed on 22 July, 2019).
Examples
In text citation
(United Nations, 1985)
Reference list entry
United Nations (1985) Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules). Available online at www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/beijingrules.pdf [Accessed on 22 July, 2019].
Examples
In text citation
(Cambridge University, 2015)
Reference list entry
Cambridge University (2015) Jogging with Jody – the experts view. Available online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_RiP_KI77Q [Accessed on 23 July, 2019].
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Referencing AI for Criminology (Harvard)
Citation:
(Author, date of access) eg: (ChatGPT, 2023)
End reference list:
For example:
ChatGPT v3 (2023) Open AI. Available online at https://chat.openai.com/. Accessed 24/08/23.
Prompts used within AI to generate responses should not be detailed in the end reference list but should be entered in the tool-use statement, which MUST then be an appendix to ALL assignments.
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Education department students can find their departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
The English & Creative Writing department's Stylesheet for Essays, Dissertations and other Coursework can be found in Blackboard. This is a summary of the advice and examples provided there. Have the stylesheet to hand while you work and refer to it for more detail. Your work should be double-spaced and you are advised to be guided by the punctuation in the example references.
The stylesheet is based on the MHRA Style Guide (3rd edition).
Citing means mentioning the titles of books and other items in your work
Example:
C. J. Atkin, in a recent article called ‘Busy Old Fools’ in Essays in Criticism, discusses Donne’s ‘The Sun Rising’, relating it to several aspects of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Her conclusions are different from those she reached a few years ago in her book Renaissance Resonances, in which Chapter Seven, ‘Donne Speaks to Shakespeare’, deals more briefly with the same topic.
In the example
A full reference to each citation must be included in the bibliography.
Short quotations can be anything up to 40 words and are enclosed single inverted commas.
The first quotation from a source is referenced with a footnote. How do I insert a footnote into an MS Word document?
If there are subsequent quotations from the same source in the work, the first reference is followed by a sentence explaining how subsequent references will be referred to.
Example
It has been argued that 'history first ended at the beginning of the nineteenth century.'¹
________
¹Jerome Christensen, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry, 20 (1994), 452-76 (p. 456). Subsequent references to this source are given in the text as ‘Christensen’ followed by the page number.
Note
A subsequent quotation from the same source is referenced by a brief reference in brackets within the work as shown in the example.
Example
For the Romantics, an acute ‘sense of cultural belatedness’ (Christensen, p. 467) co-existed with their equally strong sense of being cultural pioneers.
Long quotations are
Example
Boland has argued that the trope of ‘woman-as-nation’ often led to stylized and idealised depictions of Irish womanhood:
The women in Irish male poems tended to be emblematic and passive, granted a purely ornamental status. Once the feminine image in their poems became fused with a national concept then both were simplified and reduced. It was the absence of women in the poetic tradition which allowed women in the poems to be simplified. (Boland, p.47)
Later in the same essay, Boland gives a number of examples of this process by which ‘woman’ has often been ‘simplified’ in Irish poetry.
Verse is treated in a similar way to other quotations however there are some differences.
A short verse quotation is two lines of verse from a poem or play
Example (not the first reference Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales as indicated by the brief reference in brackets)
‘Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote / The droghte of Marche hath perced to the rote’ (Chaucer, ll. 1-2).
Follow the lineation of the original. This means that you neither add the ‘/’ to indicate line breaks, nor do you run lines together into a block of prose.
The bibliography is a list of ALL of the sources cited or referenced in your essay, but does not include those you have only consulted.
Wordsworth, William and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads, 2nd edn, ed. by R. L. Brett and A. R. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991)
Turner, Marion, Chaucerian Conflict: Languages of Antagonism in Late Fourteenth-Century London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007)
Ferguson, Frances, ‘Malthus, Godwin, Wordsworth, and the Spirit of Solitude’, in Literature and the Body: Essays on Populations and Persons, ed. by Elaine Scarry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 106-24
Christensen, Jerome, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry, 20 (1994), 452-76
Franey, Laura, 'Terror and Liberation on the Railway in Women's Short Stories of 1894', NineteenthCentury Gender Studies, 14.1 (2018), <https://www.ncgsjournal.com/issue141/franey.htm> [accessed 10 September 2018]
Flood, Alison, ‘Cloud Atlas “astonishingly different” in US and UK editions, study finds’, The Guardian (2016), <http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/10/cloud-atlas-astonishinglydifferent-in-us-and-uk-editions-study-finds> [accessed 23 August 2018]
Metropolis, dir. By Fritz Lang (UFA, 1927)
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
MHRA: how to cite an AI:
In-text citation
Please reference AI as personal correspondence. These are only cited in the in-text citation
Citation
(AI Company name, software/tool name response to Name of person who entered prompt(s) and received response(s), Date Month Year used)
For example
Open AI, ChatGPT response to Nia Ellis, 10 October 2024
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Things to remember - the basics
One of the major features of academic writing is acknowledging the books, journal articles and other information sources that you have used, by citing them one-by-one in your assignment and listing them all at the end in a reference list. Often there are many marks for doing this correctly so it is a skill worth learning as soon as you can.
If you don't acknowledge your sources you might pass off someone else's ideas, quotations etc. as your own. This is plagiarism which is not permitted by the University and can have serious consequences for you.
Contact Simone sia1@aber.ac.uk / librarians@aber.ac.uk your Subject Librarian if you need any further advice or help.
Book a Healthcare Education APA 7th edition refresher appointment here. If I am unavailable, please click here to make an appointment with another member of the library team
Please refer to the: Department of Healthcare Education APA 7th Edition Referencing Guide
This style uses an author-date format for the in-text citations and then the full source details are listed A-Z in the reference list.
If you are citing a direct quote, make sure to use "quotation marks" and to include the page number after the year: (Adams, 2019, p. 61).
If you are citing a book or article which has several authors, follow these rules:
2 authors: always cite them both (Polit & Beck, 2017) or Polit and Beck (2017)
3-20 authors: Cite the first authors’ last name followed by et al. (Perry et al., 2020) or Perry et al. (2020)
Note the difference between narrative and parenthetical citations.
According to Chambers and Ryder (2018) compassion is….
…compassion is a key aspect of nursing care (Chambers & Ryder, 2018).
Abbreviations example:
First citation: Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018)...or...(Nursing & Midwifery Council [NMC], 2018).
Subsequent citations: NMC (2018)...or...(NMC, 2018).
See the following tabs for advice on creating the reference list.
Quotations (definition examples)
The APA advise to use direct quotations sparingly. If you are citing a direct quote, make sure to use "quotation marks" and to include the page number after the year: (Adams, 2019, p. 61).
One example of when to use a quotation, rather than paraphrasing, is when you are reproducing an exact definition.
Example 1
Citation
“Admission is the formal acceptance of a patient into a service” (National Health Service, 2019, p.8).
Reference
National Health Service. (2019). Admission, transfer, and discharge policy for inpatient services. https://www.dtgp.cpft.nhs.uk/FileHandler.ashx?id=794
When the author and publisher are the same, omit the name of the publisher to avoid repetition.
Example 2
Citation
“The act or process of allowing someone to enter a hospital as a patient, because they need medical care” (Cambridge University Press, n.d.).
Reference
Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Hospital Admission. In Cambridge dictionary. Retrieved February 22, 2024 from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hospital-admission
When an online reference work is continuously updated and not archived use "n.d." and include a retrieval date. Most references do not include retrieval dates.
Creating the reference list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Reference list:
Barber, P., & Robertson, D. (2020). Essentials of pharmacology for nurses (4th ed.). Open University Press.
Jasper, M. (2013). Beginning reflective practice (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.
Griffith, R., & Tengnah, C. (2023). Law and Professional Issues in Nursing (6th ed.). Learning Matters.
Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters
When referencing an e-book follow this order:
*If the ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.
Loschiavo, J. (2015). Fast Facts for the School Nurse: School Nursing in a Nutshell (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826128775
Cottrell, S. (2019). The study skills handbook (5th ed.). Red Globe Press.
Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters
When referencing a chapter from an edited book follow this order:
Cordeau, M. A. (2022). Nursing History and the Evolution of Holistic Nursing. In M. A. Blaszko Helming, D. A. Shields, K. M. Avino, & W. E. Rosa (Eds.), Dossy & Keegan's Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice (8th ed., pp. 3–24). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Lundie, F., & McCraw, D. (2019). Urinary Catheterisation. In W. Wright, F. Everett, & P. Newcombe (Eds.), Clinical Skills for Nursing Adults Step-by-Step (pp. 136–242). Sage.
Grayer, J., Baxter, J., Blackburn, L., Cooper, J., Curtis, E., Dvorjez, L., Finn, L., Gaynor, D., Henderson, B., Jagger, C., Keating, L., Leigh-Doyle, J., Lister, S., Mathiah, R., & Mohanmmed, A. (2021). Communication, psychological wellbeing and safeguarding. In S. E. Lister, J. Hofland & H. Grafton (Eds.), The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing procedures (10th ed., pp. 133–204). Wiley-Blackwell.
Smyth, M. J., & Filipkowski, B.K. (2010). Coping with stress. In D. French, K. Vadhara, A.A. Kaptein & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (pp. 271–283). Blackwell Publishing.
*When including this as an in-text citation, you would just cite the chapter authors and not the editors. For example: Smyth and Filipkowski (2010) state that… or…(Smyth & Filipkowski, 2010).
Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters
When referencing an article follow this order:
Edwards, A. A., Steacy, L. M., Siegelman, N., Rigobon, V. M., Kearns, D. M., Rueckl, J. G., & Compton, D. L. (2022). Unpacking the unique relationship between set for variability and word reading development: Examining word- and child-level predictors of performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(6), 1242–1256. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000696
Jones, A., Rahman, R.J., & O, J.A. (2019). Crisis in the Countryside - Barriers to Nurse Recruitment and Retention in Rural Areas of High-Income Countries: A Qualitative Meta-Analysis. Journal of rural studies, 72, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.10.007
Journal Article Reference Checklist
Reference Guide for Journal Articles, Books, and Edited Book Chapters
When referencing a webpage follow this order:
World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO updates global guidance on medicines and diagnostic tests to address health challenges, prioritise highly effective therapeutics, and improve affordable access. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-07-2019-who-updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests-to-address-health-challenges-prioritize-highly-effective-therapeutics-and-improve-affordable-access
A document on the web can include government reports or policy documents.
Nursing & Midwifery Council. (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf
Powys Teaching Health Board. (2017). The Health and Care Strategy for Powys: A vision to 2027 and beyond. https://pthb.nhs.wales/about-us/key-documents/strategies-and-plans/health-and-care-strategy-for-powys-2017-2027-summary/
Welsh Government. (2018). A Healthier Wales: our Plan for Health and Social Care. https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-09/a-healthier-wales-our-plan-for-health-and-social-care.pdf
Welsh Government. (2022). Quality statement for palliative and end of life care for Wales. https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/pdf-versions/2022/10/5/1665148261/quality-statement-palliative-and-end-life-care-wales.pdf
Examples:
Acts/Measures/Statutes
In-text
(Mental Health (Wales) Measure, 2010) or Mental Health (Wales) Measure, (2010)
Reference list
Mental Health (Wales) Measure 2010. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2010/7/contents
---
In-text
(Children Act, 1989) or Children Act (1989)
Reference list
Children Act 1989, c. 41. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41
---
Supreme court case
In-text
(Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, 2015) or Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board (2015)
Reference list
Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, UKSC 11 (2015). https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2013-0136-judgment.pdf
The NMC Code
Remember to write out the Nursing & Midwifery Council in full the first time it appears in your assignment.
Abbreviations example:
First citation: Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018) or (Nursing & Midwifery Council [NMC], 2018).
Subsequent citations:
NMC (2018) or (NMC, 2018).
It would appear once in your reference list:
Nursing & Midwifery Council. (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf
---
When it is useful to include the section of the code that you are referring to, the Ethics Code References, from the APA website suggests that you should format your in-text citations as follows:
Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018, Section 7.3) or (Nursing & Midwifery Council [NMC], 2018, Section 7.3).
Items with the same author and date
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/same-year-author
In-text citations
Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018a)
… (NMC, 2018b)
Reference list
Nursing & Midwifery Council. (2018a). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf
Nursing & Midwifery Council. (2018b). Future nurse: Standards of proficiency for registered nurse. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/education-standards/future-nurse-proficiencies.pdf
Secondary referencing
Within APA referencing you are always encouraged to go to the original source. However, sometimes this is not always possible perhaps because of a lack of access to the original source or simply because the original source is unavailable. In these instances, you would cite and reference these works slightly differently as presented below.
In-text citation
Gibbs’ reflective cycle (1988) as cited in Jasper (2013) indicates that...
OR
A seminal theory in reflective practice, is Gibbs’ reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988, as cited in Jasper, 2013).
In the reference list
Jasper, M. (2013). Beginning reflective practice (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.
Use newspaper articles as a starting point for research. They are not considered academic sources. Use the following format:
Duggan, C. (2022, September 5). Aberystwyth Uni nursing degree to encourage Welsh speakers. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-62779992
Sisley, D. (2020, February 22). Can science cure a broken heart?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/22/can-science-cure-a-broken-heart
Social media posts, such as Twitter and Facebook, are not considered academic sources. Use them as a starting point and reference to your academic research. Use the following format:
Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled [Facebook update]. Retrieved May, 14, 2020, from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id=6815841748&share
YouTube Video
University of Oxford. (2020, November 23). Oxford University’s ‘vaccine for the world’ is effective [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHJ_RqeXXy0
*In-text citation quote “The vaccine is shown to protect against hospitalisation and severe disease” (University of Oxford, 2020, 0:18).
Jones (2015)...
(Jones, 2015)
Jones, A. (2015). Dysgu Am: Rhoi a Derbyn Gofal yn y Gymraeg [Pamphlet]. https://llyfrgell.porth.ac.uk/View.aspx?id=1098~4s~tat8zFqn
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/clinical-practice-references
Using images in your assignments
It is a common misconception that all images on the internet are free, but they are not. The law of Copyright still applies to this type of material.
If you use images to in your assignments, it is recommended that you use your own photographs or free/open content that has been specifically made for reuse. When using free-to-reuse images you should still credit the creator and follow any licensing terms.
It is sometimes necessary to reproduce copyrighted images in your assignments. In doing so, you should:
APA 7th edition example
In-text citation:
(Baer, 2020)
Reference list:
Baer, B. (2020). Woman Receives Mammogram. [Photograph]. https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-wearing-blue-dress-ofWV2r94qCc
Further information on the APA website here.
How do I reference the 6Cs?
NHS England. (2016). Compassion in practice: Evidencing the impact. London. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cip-yr-3.pdf
How do I reference a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline?
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2023). Hypertension in adults: Diagnosis and management (NICE Guideline NG136). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136
How do I reference the practice assessment document and ongoing record of achievement?
All Wales Pre-Registration Nursing and Midwifery Group. (2020). All Wales practice assessment document and ongoing record of achievement for pre-registration nursing programmes. Health Education and Improvement Wales. https://heiw.nhs.wales/files/once-for-wales/documents/all-wales-practice-assessment-document/
How do I reference the Francis report?
Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry: Executive summary (HC 947). The Stationery Office. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279124/0947.pdf
How do I reference the NEWS tool?
Royal College of Physicians. (2017). National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2: Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2
Why can't Healthcare students access help with referencing for 7 days prior to an assignment due date?
References and Footnotes
When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference. On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title. Fuller guidance may be found on the departmental ‘Style Guide’ in the undergraduate and postgraduate folders on Blackboard.
Bibliographies
All assessed coursework should include a bibliography of works consulted at the end of the main text. If you have used both primary and secondary sources in your work, you should subdivide the bibliography into sections: primary sources, secondary sources, websites. A fuller version of this guidance may be found on the longer departmental ‘Style Guide’ in the undergraduate and postgraduate folders on Blackboard.
Primary sources
When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference. On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title.
Footnote examples:
Manuscripts:
Home Intelligence Report, 16-23 July 1941, INF1/292, The National Archives: Public Record Office, Kew.
George Whitefield to Howel Harris (28 December 1738), The Trevecka Letters, Calvinist Methodist Archive, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Printed:
Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes, ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen and trans Peter Fisher, 2 vols (Oxford, 2015), II: 86-7.
Bibliography examples:
CAB and FCO files, The National Archives: Public Record Office, Kew.
School log books 1939-45, Ceredigion Museum, Aberystwyth.
Daily Mirror, February-August 1910, National Library of Wales.
J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902).
Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes, ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen and trans. Peter Fisher, 2 vols (Oxford, 2015).
Footnote
When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference, including:
On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title: surname, short version of the article or book title, and page number.
Examples:
Full reference:
1Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1971), p. 94.
Short title:
4Thomas, Religion and Magic, pp. 106-20.
Bibliography:
Examples:
Books (single author, or edited collection with single editor)
Thomas, Keith, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1971).
Smith, Harold J., ed., War and Social Change (London, 1986).
Ebooks
Jacobs, Nicolas, Early Welsh Gnomic and Nature Poetry (London, 2012). Google ebook.
Books (multiple authors or edited)
Lambert, Peter, and Schofield, Phillipp, eds, Making History: An introduction to the history and practices of a discipline (Abingdon, 2004).
When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference as in the bibliography but in a slightly different order, and with commas rather than full stops in between, as follows:
On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title: surname, short version of the article or book title, and page number.
Footnote examples:
First reference:
1 A. G. Hopkins, ‘Economic imperialism in West Africa: Lagos 1880- 1893’, Economic History Review, xxi (1968), p. 590.
Short title:
6 Hopkins, ‘Economic imperialism’, p. 600.
Bibliography:
Layout for articles in journals follows the same basic rules as books, but with a few additions:
Example:
Hopkins, A. G. ‘Economic imperialism in West Africa: Lagos 1880- 92’, Economic History Review, xxi (1968), 580-606.
Footnotes:
When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference as in the bibliography but in a slightly different order, and with commas rather than full stops in between.
On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title: surname, short version of the article or book title, and page number.
Example: footnote for article in edited collection
Sarah Hanley, ‘Family and state in early modern France: the marriage pact’, in Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present, eds Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert (New York, 1987), p. 61.
Bibliography:
Layout for chapters in edited collections* again follows the same basic rules, as follows:
*Nb., if you are listing more than one chapter from the same edited collection in your bibliography it is best practice to list the edited collection only, not the separate chapters.
Example: bibliography entry for article/chapter in edited collection:
Hanley, Sarah, ‘Family and state in early modern France: the marriage pact’, in Boxer, Marilyn J., and Quataert, Jean H., eds., Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present (New York, 1987), pp. 61-72.
Webpags and websites:
Give a full document description including date, the url of the webpage on which the document appears, and the date it was accessed.
Example:
Flora Malein, ‘Can history help us in the COVID-19 epidemic?’, March 2020, British Society for the History of Medicine website, https://bshm.org.uk/can-history-help-us-in-the-covid-19-epidemic/, accessed 18 September 2020.
Theses:
Harvey, I. M. W., ‘Popular revolt and unrest in England during the second half of the reign of Henry VI’, (PhD, Aberystwyth University, 1988).
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Information Studies students can find their Departmental referencing guide on Blackboard Learn Ultra - Study Skills area. (A copy is also available below).
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
CiteWhen referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Marcella, 2001)
Marcella (2001) investigated....
If a direct quote:
'A significant proportion of respondents stated that they had used electronic networks in accessing European information in the past' (Marcella, 2001, p.509).
Reference list
Marcella, R. (2001) ’The need for European Union information amongst women in the United Kingdom: results of a survey', Journal of Documentation, 57 (4) pp. 492-518.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012) 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113 (3/4), pp. 174-201. Available at: https://mental.jmir.org/2018/1/e8/ (Accessed: 7 August 2024).
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
If a direct quote:
If a direct quotation (include the page number):
'It is unlikely that those sharing fake news content are carefully considering their audience' (Affellt, 2019, p. 35).
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019) All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
If a book has four or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009) Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book (print) format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the 'Book (print)' examples on the previous tab.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004) 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, pp. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
Government publications could be Command Papers (Green and White papers) or Departmental publications.
Command Papers
When referencing, follow this order:
If you have viewed the online version, follow this order:
In -text citation
Summarised advice on archives (Lord Chancellor's Department, 1999; Ministry of Justice, 2013) ...
Reference list
Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives. London: The Stationery Office (Cm 4516).
Ministry of Justice (2013) Transforming rehabilitation: a strategy for reform (Cm 8619). Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228744/8619.pdf (Accessed: 31 July 2023).
Departmental publications
When referencing, follow this order:
If you have viewed the online version, follow this order:
In -text citation
Summarised advice on inequalities (Ministry of Justice, 2020) ...
Reference list
Ministry of Justice (2020) Knife and offensive weapon sentencing statistics: July to September 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/knife-and-offensive-weapon-sentencing-statistics-july-to-september-2020 (Accessed: 31 July 2023).
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018) ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994) ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017) BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016) Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011) Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008) Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
Manuscripts
When referencing, follow this order to provide sufficient information for the reader to be able to find the source material for themselves;
If author not known, follow this order;
Parish registers
When referencing, follow this order;
Military records
When referencing, follow this order;
If further help is needed on referencing primary sources, the Department refer students to The National Archives guidance:https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/citing-records-national-archives/ |
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010) 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014) 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, 2019)
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (2023) identifies the ...
Reference list
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (2023) A Supportive Environment for Libraries. Available at: https://www.ifla.org/units/supportive-environment-for-libraries (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project, 2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project (2019) Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019) ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019) Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014) Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013) Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
Follow this order;
Example: Twitter
In-text citation:
(Aberystwyth University, 2023)
Aberystwyth University (2023) are ...
Reference list:
Aberystwyth University (2023) 'Scientists are in Switzerland investigating the increase in rock cover.' [Twitter] 6 July. Available at: https://twitter.com/AberUni/status/1676496158691082248 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
How to cite an AI:
In-text citation
(Author, date of access) eg: (ChatGPT, 2023)
End Reference List:
For example:
ChatGPT v3 (2023) Open AI. Available online at https://chat.openai.com/. Accessed 24/08/23.
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013, p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014) Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
(Please note: this information is taken from the Writing and Referencing in InterPol handbook)
Using the Footnote/ Endnote System
There is much greater similarity between the two components of the footnote-endnote system than is the case with the Harvard/ in-text system. The reference in the bibliography will normally be the same as the reference in the footnote/ endnote but without the need to refer to a specific page reference.
First component
In the footnote/endnote system, the references are marked by a superscript number in the text and placed either at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the essay (endnotes).
For example, in the text of your essay a reference number, normally superscripted, should be added:
...in such a system war is said to be inevitable.1
Please note that this reference number is placed after the full-stop not before. At the bottom of the page or the end of the essay should appear a list corresponding to the reference numbers in the text. References should be in full the first time they are mentioned.
Thereafter the author's name and an abbreviated title should be used (do not use op. cit. or ibid. as this can cause confusion if the text is revised later). For example:
Hence it is the system structure which is claimed to be the crucial variable.2
Second component
The second component of the footnote/endnote system is a complete list of references given at the end of the essay, arranged in alphabetical order of the author’s last name. You should provide a reference for all sources consulted during the researching and writing of the essay even if you have not cited them directly in the essay. The references should conform to the format given in the examples on the following pages.
Books
Footnote/ endnote: Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics (London, McGraw Hill, 1979), p. 117.
Bibliography: Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics (London, McGraw Hill, 1979).
Chapters in edited volumes
Footnote/ endnote: Grieco, J. 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation', in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: the Contemporary Debate, edited by David Baldwin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 126.
Bibliography: Grieco, J. 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation', in Neorealism and Neoliberalism: the Contemporary Debate, edited by David Baldwin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 116-42.
Journal articles
Footnote/ endnote: Wendt, A. 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987) p. 49.
Bibliography: Wendt, A. 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization, 41 (1987) pp. 35-70.
Referencing a document or publication produced by a Government, International Organisation, Corporation or NGO
Footnote/ endnote House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Cultural Diplomacy’ (London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987), p. 7.
Bibliography: House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Cultural Diplomacy’ (London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987)
Referencing an article in a newspaper or magazine
Footnote/ endnote: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian (London), 1 March 2011, p. 17.
Bibliography: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian (London), 1 March 2011.
If you have accessed the article online, make this clear in the footnote/ endnote and in the bibliography:
Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian, 1 March 2011. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/01/dictators-britain-armstrade-hypocrisy [Accessed 24 October 2011].
Referencing a television or radio broadcast
Same for footnote/ endnote and bibliography:
Panorama, BBC2, 30 January 2011, 20.00
Websites/Blogs/Twitter
Same for footnote/ endnote and bibliography:
BBC News, North Korea Country Profile. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1131421.stm [Accessed 23 July 2011].
Davies, M. ‘IR Theory: Problem-Solving Theory Versus Critical Theory’, E-IR, 19 September 2014 [Blog], Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2014/09/19/ir-theoryproblem-solving-theory-versus-critical-theory/ [Accessed 30 September 2014].
Obama, B. “We have to work together as a global community to tackle this global threat before it is too late.” – President Obama, 23 September 2014 [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/514462253605609472 [Accessed 30 September 2014].
Referencing material accessed by an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, etc.)
If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead for indicating the location of a quoted section
For the footnote/ endnote and the bibliography, include the following information:
For example:
Smith, A, The Wealth of Nations (Kindle version, 2008). Accessed 20 August 2010 from Amazon.com.
Smith, A, The Wealth of Nations (Adobe Digital Editions version, 2008). Accessed 20 August 2010, doi:10.1036/007142363X.
Secondary Referencing
Secondary referencing means referencing a book or article that you haven’t read yourself but which you have seen quoted in another person’s work. When using the footnote/ endnote system, follow the following guidelines:
Enter a footnote or endnote citing the author you are quoting but make it clear that you have found the reference in another book.
For example:
Ninkovich, F. The Diplomacy of Ideas (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 1, cited in Vaughan, J. Unconquerable Minds. The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Middle East, 1945-1957 (Houndmills, Palgrave, 2005), p. 2.
In the bibliography, you would only enter the book in which you found the reference, in the case of the above example:
Vaughan, J. Unconquerable Minds. The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Middle East, 1945-1957 (Houndmills, Palgrave, 2005).
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Students of Law should refer to the OSCOLA 4th edition and its Quick Reference guide.
This page provides examples of commonly cited sources.
This style uses footnote format for the in-text citations. Full source details are listed bibliography in a slightly different format.
When referencing a printed book in a footnote, follow this order:
If you are using an eBook, you should normally create a reference in the same way as if you were using the print version. If it is published online only, you should follow the guidance for referencing websites as far as possible.
Footnote citation
[1] Geoffrey Rivlin, First Steps in the Law (7th edn. OUP 2015) 76
[2] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268
Bibliography
Hobbes, T. Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985)
Rivlin, G. First Steps in the Law (7th edn. OUP 2015)
When referencing a book chapter/contributions to edited collections follow this order:
In footnote:
Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006), 54.
In bibliography:
Rose, Francis ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006).
When referencing an article follow this order:
In footnote, with pinpoint:
JAG Griffith, 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42, 64.
In bibliography:
Griffith, JAG. 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42
Standard citation of law reports contain the following elements:
For cases before 2001/2002, include:
Footnote:
[1] Johnson v Rea [1962] 1 QB 373
[2] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1891] 1 QB 256, 262
Cases after 2001/2002 should contain the following elements:
Footnote:
[1] Dingmar v Dingmar [2006] EWCA Civ 942; [2007] Ch.109
[2] Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112 [42], [45]
In tables of cases:
If using many cases, organise into groups by jurisdication and alphabetise by first significant word in the citation.
For further guidance on citing case law including unreported cases and EU law, see the full OSCOLA Guide, pp.17-22
If all the information needed by the reader is included in your text, you do not need to provide a footnote to the legislation
For example, this sentence in an essay would not require a footnote as it clearly indicates the legislation being discussed.
Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 established powers to remove persons attending or preparing for a rave
However, if you do not indicate in your writing the name of the Act or the relevant section, a footnote is required.
In an essay, the following sentence would require a footnote:
Legislation concerning raves has stated that '"music" includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats.' [1].
Footnotes citing legislation should include:
Footnote:
[1] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 s 63 (1)(b)
Table of legislation:
List legislation used in your assignment alphabetically by first significant word in the short title.
When referencing a webpage follow this order:
In footnote:
Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009.
In bibliography:
Cole, Sarah, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Referencing AI for law
Creator of AI, Name of tool used, version of AI (if known), Form of communication including input/prompt, <Location of AI (url if on the web, name of software package if not)>, Date the output was generated.
If more than a single prompt is used, list only the prompt immediately before the cited response, the rest should be listed in the tool use statement.
If the date the prompt was generated is unknown, instead use the date the resource was accessed.
Example:
Open AI, ChatGPT, GPT 3.5, response to the prompt “how much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?”, <https://chat.openai.com/> generated 31/08/2023
In bibliography:
If the assignment requires a bibliography the AI can be referenced using the following template:
Creator of AI, Name of tool used, version of AI (if known), <Location of AI (url if on the web, name of software package if not)>, Date the resource was accessed.
The main difference between this and the footnote citation is that the prompt is not required in the bibliography, and the date of generation of the prompt is replaced with the date the resource as accessed. This is in line with other citations in bibliographies, which require the name and location of the resource, but not specifics like page or paragraph numbers.
Example:
Open AI, ChatGPT, GPT 3.5 <https://chat.openai.com/> accessed 31/08/2023
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor of the chapter, not the whole book editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Woolrich, 2009, p.115)
Research by Woolrich (2009, p.115) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Woolrich, C. (2009) 'Principles of professional practice' in Hinchliff, S., Norman, S. and Schober, J. (eds.) Nursing practice and health care: a foundation text. 5th ed. London: Hodder Arnold, pp.89-113.
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014, p.46) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al., 2014, p. 46)
Quote example:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013, p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When citing two (or more) works by the same author from the same year, distinguish and differentiate them by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) to the year in both the in-text citation and reference list entry. This applies to any type of source including books, journal articles etc.
In-text
…(Morton, 2023a).
…(Morton, 2023b).
…(Morton, 2023a; 2023b).
Morton (2023a) identified all you need to know about horse breeding cycles. She concluded that the mare must be kept happy and healthy during pregnancy (Morton, 2023b).
Reference list
Morton, C., (2023a) Horse Breeding Cycles: Everything You Need to Know. Available at: https://www.petmd.com/horse/horse-breeding-cycles-everything-you-need-know (Accessed: 13 March 2025)
Morton, C., (2023b) Pregnancy in Horses. Available at: https://www.petmd.com/horse/pregnancy-horses (Accessed: 13 March 2025)
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Unless instructed otherwise by a member of staff, you may use whatever referencing system you choose, as long as you format citations and reference list entries consistently. You must provide full bibliographic information, sufficient to enable a reader to find the reference in a library.
Using References
Browse the various departments on this page to find the corresponding reference style you use and follow those examples. If you are using the Harvard style, scroll down to the bottom of this page and refer to the Veterinary Nursing Harvard examples.
Referencing Quiz:
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Full information on referencing in the Department of Mathematics can be found here
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
If you are a Modern Languages student, you must follow the referencing guidance supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.
In text citations should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'
Creating the Works Cited list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Works cited list:
Cruise, Colin. Pre-‐Raphaelite Drawing. Thames and Hudson, 2011.
Heuser, Harry. Immaterial Culture: Literature, Drama and the American Radio Play, 1929-‐1954. Peter Lang, 2013
Meyrick, Robert. John Elwyn. Ashgate, 2000
Martineau, Jane, et al. Shakespeare in Art. Merrell, 2003.
Meyrick, Robert, and Harry Heuser. The Prints of Stanley Anderson RA. Royal Academy of Arts, 2015
In text citations follow same pattern as physical book should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'
Creating the Works Cited list:
When referencing an ebook follow this order:
Works cited list:
Harvey, John. Image of the Invisible : the Visualization of Religion in the Welsh Nonconformist Tradition. University of Wales Press, 1999.http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=27384&site=ehost-live. Accessed 30 April 2020.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
In text-citation:
(Harvey 55)
(Heuser 29)
Works cited list:
Harvey, John. “The Ghost in the Machine: Spirit and Technology.” Ashgate Research Companion to Paranormal Cultures, edited by Olu Jenzen and Sally R. Munt, Routledge, 2013, pp. 51-64.
Heuser, Harry. “‘Please don’t whip me this time’: The Passions of George Powell of NantEos.” Queer Wales, edited by Huw Osborne, U of Wales P, 2016, pp. 45-64.
Note: Provide the entire page range for the essay/article. In your essay, state only the page(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase was derived. While the author of the essay is mentioned first, the editors of the book in which the essay appears are named after the title of the book.
When referencing a journal article, the entry in the works cited should include:
Example: journal article (print)
Heuser, Harry. “Bigotry and Virtue: George Powell and the Question of Legacy.” New Welsh Reader, no. 110, Winter 2015, pp. 18-29.
If you used an online database instead of a physical library such as Hugh Owen to retrieve the source, identify the database, URL/DOI/permalink and state the access date (see example below). The access date must be the day on which you retrieved the article.
Example: journal article (electronically accessed)
Ward, Maryanne C. “A Painting of the Unspeakable: Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare and the Creation of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.” Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, vol. 33, no. 1, 2000, pp. 20-31. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/1315115. Accessed 30 Sept. 2016.
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation:
("Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.")
Works cited list:
“Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
MLA: How to cite / reference an AI https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/
Citation
(Short form of Title of source)
Example citation
(“Describe the symbolism”)
Example reference
“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.
Please note, this information is taken from the Institute of Physics Author Guidelines for IOP Journals.
"References
We encourage the use of the Harvard or Vancouver reference systems. However, you can use any reference system providing it is sensible and consistent throughout the paper. We will ensure your references adhere to house style during the production process, whatever format you submit them in.
A reference should give your reader enough information to locate the article, and you should take care to ensure that the information is correct so that DOI links can be made.
Citations
Ensure that all references are cited in the text and that all citations have a corresponding reference" (IOP, n,d,, n.p.)
References to journal works should include:
Example:
For more than ten authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by et al.
Note that the article title is not mandatory, except for Journal of Neural Engineering (J. Neural Eng.), Measurement Science and Technology (Meas. Sci. Technol.), Physical Biology (Phys. Biol.), Physiological Measurement (Physiol. Meas.) and Physics in Medicine and Biology (Phys. Med. Biol.).
If no individual is named as the author, the reference may be by a collaborative group of authors or by a corporate body, e.g.:
If a collaboration is appended to one or more authors, the name of the collaboration must come before the year, e.g.:
References to a book should include:
Example:
References to a book may include (optional):
Example:
References to conference papers should include:
Example:
References to a conference proceedings may include (optional):
These should be treated as journals:
Conference series should include the title of the conference and the title of the series but not the publisher.
The exceptions are Journal of Physics: Conference Series (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.) and IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.), which should be set as journal references, e.g.:
Only permanent or persistent web links should be used in reference lists. Examples of acceptable links include:
References to pre-prints should include:
Example:
References to theses should include:
Examples:
The title is optional.
References to lecture notes should include:
Example:
References to articles that are accepted or submitted should include:
Example:
References to articles that are in preparation should include:
Example:
References that do not contain bibliographic information (i.e. they do not refer to other pieces of work) should be set as a footnote within the text and cited at the appropriate location.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
The tabs above provide examples of commonly cited sources.
You can also refer to the APA Departmental guide here:
The APA also provides useful information on APA 7 referencing: apastyle.apa.org/
Things to remember - the basics
One of the major features of academic writing is acknowledging the books, journal articles and other information sources that you have used, by citing them one-by-one in your assignment and listing them all at the end in a reference list. Often there are marks for doing this correctly so it is a skill worth learning as soon as you can.
If you don't acknowledge your sources you might pass off someone else's ideas, quotations etc. as your own. This is plagiarism which is not permitted by the University and can have serious consequences for you.
Contact Sarah ssg@aber.ac.uk / librarians@aber.ac.uk your Subject Librarian if you need any further advice or help.
Please see important information on referencing and plagiarism in our Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness Guide.
This style uses an author-date format for the in-text citations and then the full source details are listed A-Z in the reference list.
If you are citing a direct quote, make sure to use "quotation marks" and to include the page number after the year: (Adams, 2019, p. 61).
If you are citing a book or article which has several authors, follow these rules:
2 authors: always cite them both (Polit & Beck, 2017)
3-20 authors: Cite the first authors’ last name followed by et al. (Perry et al., 2020)
Within APA referencing you are always encouraged to go to the original source. However, sometimes this is not always possible perhaps because of a lack of access to the original source or simply because the original source is unavailable. In these instances, you would cite and reference these works slightly differently as presented below.
In-text citation:
(Masson & Graf, 1993, as cited in Eysenck & Keane, 2000, p. 207).
Reference list:
Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M.T. (2000). Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook (4th ed.). Psychology Press.
See the following tabs for advice on creating the reference list.
Creating the reference list:
When referencing a book follow this order:
Reference list:
Smyth, T.R. (2004). The principles of writing in Psychology. Palgrave MacMillan.
Holt, N., Bremner, A. J., Sutherland, E., Vliek, M., Passer, M., & Smith, R. (2023). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour, (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill UK Higher Ed.
When referencing an e-book follow this order:
Loschiavo, J. (2015). Fast Facts for the School Nurse: School Nursing in a Nutshell (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826128775
When referencing a book chapter follow this order:
Smyth, M. J., & Filipkowski, B.K. (2010). Coping with stress. In D. French, K. Vadhara, A.A. Kaptein, & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (pp. 271-283). Blackwell Publishing.
When referencing an article follow this order:
Beaman, P.C., & Holt, J.N. (2007). Reverberant auditory environments: the effects of multiple echoes on distraction by 'irrelevant' speech. Applied Cognitive psychology, 21(8), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1315
When referencing a webpage follow this order:
World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO updates global guidance on medicines and diagnostic tests to address health challenges, prioritise highly effective therapeutics, and improve affordable access. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-07-2019-who-updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests-to-address-health-challenges-prioritize-highly-effective-therapeutics-and-improve-affordable-access
A document on the web can include government reports or policy documents. They are referenced differently to a webpage:
Howe, C., Mercer, N. (2007). Children's social development, peer interaction and classroom learning. https://cprtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/research-survey-2-1b.pdf
Use newspaper articles as a starting point for research. They are not considered academic sources. Use the following format:
Sisley, D. (2020, Feb 22). Can science cure a broken heart?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/22/can-science-cure-a-broken-heart
Social media posts, such as Twitter and Facebook, are not considered academic sources. Use them as a starting point and reference to your academic research. Use the following format:
Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled [Facebook update]. Retrieved May, 14, 2020, from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?
id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775
Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software using APA 7th Edition referencing
APA policy on the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in scholarly materials
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
APA 7th Edition apastyle.apa.org/
The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.
TFTS-STYLE-HANDBOOK-2019.pdf (aber.ac.uk)
If you are a Theatre Film and Television Studies student, you must follow the Harvard (author-date) referencing style guide as supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.
Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
Films
Citation order:
Example:
In-text citation
Movies have been used as quasi-biographical to examine famous lives (Citizen Kane, 1942).
Reference list
Citizen Kane (1942) Directed by Orson Welles [Film]. California: RKO.
Films on DVD/Blu-ray
In-text citation
Movies have been used as quasi-biographical to examine famous lives (Citizen Kane, 2004).
Reference list
Citizen Kane (2004) Directed by Orson Welles [DVD]. California: Universal Pictures.
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al. 2014)
Quote:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013: p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Briassoulis, 2004)
Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe. Edited by Bill Bramwell, p. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.
If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
Harvard: How to cite an AI:
In-text citation
(Author, date of access) eg: (ChatGPT, 2023)
End Reference List
Example reference:
ChatGPT v3 (2023) Open AI. Available online at https://chat.openai.com/. Accessed 24/08/23.
(Note: this information have been taken from the referencing and citation workshop in the module CY13120 Sgiliau Astudio Iaith a Llên
This is the style recommended by the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies.
The general pattern when referencing a source is:
Example:
Gwyn Thomas, Y Traddodiad Barddol (Caerdydd, 1976), t.60 [if your quotation is on a single page, or] tt.92-93 [if the quotation is on more than one page]
When citing a source for the first time, include the publication details in full. The next time you cite the same source, the author’s surname, title of the book and page number(s) are sufficient, e.g.
Thomas, Y Traddodiad Barddol, t.60
Sometimes a book will have an editor or editors, e.g.
B.F. Roberts a Morfydd Owen (goln), Beirdd a Thywysogion: Barddoniaeth Llys yng Nghymru, Iwerddon a’r Alban (Caerdydd, 1996).
In subsequent citations, you can use a shortened title, e.g.:
Roberts ac Owen (goln), Beirdd a Thywysogion, t.180
Example:
Gruffydd Aled Williams, ‘Owain Cyfeiliog: Bardd-Dywysog?’, yn B.F. Roberts a Morfydd Owen (goln), Beirdd a Thywysogion: Barddoniaeth Llys yng Nghymru, Iwerddon a’r Alban (Caerdydd, 1996), tt.180-21.
Subsequent footnotes citing the same article:
Williams, ‘Owain Cyfeiliog: Bardd-Dywysog?’, t.187.
Follow the pattern:
Example:
Mererid Hopwood, ‘Waldo: Bardd Plant Cymru’, Llên Cymru, 38 (2015/16), 75-94
When including a short quotation of a few words or a single sentence, you can include it in the body of your essay, using single ‘quotation marks’.
Ym marn Thomas Parry, llwyddodd y genhedlaeth o ferirdd a oedd yn rhan o gylch Lewis Morris i ‘achub barddoniaeth Gymraeg mewn amser argyfyngus yn ei hanes.’1 Llwyddodd i ddangos y gallai barddoniaeth for yn gyfrwng i drafod pynciau gwahanol ac adlewyrchu bywyd a theimladau pobl.
Footnote:
If you are using a longer quotation, more than four lines, you should indent the quotation in a block instead of using quotation marks. This applies to prose and poetry.
Fel dywedodd Thomas Parry
Teg yw dywedyd i’r to o feirdd a gysylltir â Lewis Morris achub barddoniaeth Gymraeg mewn amser argyfyngus yn ei hanes. Dangosasant fod i awen waith heblaw moli boneddigion, a heblaw difyrru a dysgu gwerin hefyd.1
Footnote:
If you are quoting a couplet, you can do so in the body of your essay.
Example:
Enghraifft o ormodiaith a geir ar ddiwedd y gerdd pan ddywed y bardd y byddai peidio â gweld y ferch yn achosi ei farwolaeth: ‘Oni chaf fwynaf annerch, / Fy nihenydd fydd y ferch.’ 1
Footnote:
If you are quoting more than a couplet, indent the quotation in a block as shown:
Yr wylan de gar lanw, dioer,
Unlliw ag eiry neu wenlloer,
Dilwch yw dy degwch di,
Darn fel haul, dyrnfol heli1
Footnote:
If you are citing a source more than once, as in the above example, you can use a shorter format the second and subsequent times by nodding the author’s surname and the title of the source.
Provide the name and address of the website, and the date you viewed the page.
The principle of a bibliography is to list everything you used in preparing your essay – books, articles, and other publications in print and electronic format, including websites.
At the end of your essay, you should list the publication details in alphabetical order (by author’s surname). If you have used more than one work by the same author, list them in order of date.
Bowen, D. J., ‘Dafydd ap Gwilym a Cheredigion’, Llên Cymru, 14 (1983-4), 163-209.
Bowen, D. J. (gol.), Gwaith Gruffudd Hiraethog (Caerdydd, 1990).
Roberts, Enid, ‘Teulu Plas Iolyn’, Trafodion Cymdeithas Hanes Sir Ddinbych, 13 (1964), 38-110.
Roberts, Enid, Y Beirdd a’u Noddwyr ym Maelor (Darlith Lenyddol Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Wrecsam, 1977).
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
The tabs above provide examples of commonly cited sources using the Harvard referencing style.
Also take a look at this book: Cite them right
When referencing a printed book, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Affelt, 2019)
Affelt (2019) suggests that ...
Reference list
Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
In-text citation
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
According to Pears and Shields (2013)...
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave.
Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use 'et.al.' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.
If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.
You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.
In-text citation
(Dym et al. 2009)
This was discussed by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.
To be made up of:
In-text citation:
(Medicine in old age, 1985)
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd ed. London: British Medical Association.
If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.
Follow this order;
See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.
When referencing a book with an editor, follow this order:
Example
In-text:
(Jones, 2001)
Jones (2001) suggests...
Reference list:
Jones, T. (ed.) (2001) Don't judge a book by its cover. London: Earthscan.
If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not the editor.
When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:
in-text citation
(Woolrich, 2009, p.115)
Research by Woolrich (2009, p.115) highlighted the fact...
Reference list
Woolrich, C. (2009) 'Principles of professional practice' in Hinchliff, S., Norman, S. and Schober, J. (eds.) Nursing practice and health care: a foundation text. 5th ed. London: Hodder Arnold, pp.89-113.
When referencing an article, follow this order:
In -text citation
(Zimerman, 2012)
Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...
Reference list
Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World, 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.
When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:
Example: Print journal article
In-text citation
(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)
Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....
Reference list
Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 44, 483-489.
When citing two (or more) works by the same author from the same year, distinguish and differentiate them by adding lower case letters (a, b, c, etc.) to the year in both the in-text citation and reference list entry. This applies to any type of source including books, journal articles etc.
In-text
…(Morton, 2023a).
…(Morton, 2023b).
…(Morton, 2023a; 2023b).
Morton (2023a) identified all you need to know about horse breeding cycles. She concluded that the mare must be kept happy and healthy during pregnancy (Morton, 2023b).
Reference list
Morton, C., (2023a) Horse Breeding Cycles: Everything You Need to Know. Available at: https://www.petmd.com/horse/horse-breeding-cycles-everything-you-need-know (Accessed: 13 March 2025)
Morton, C., (2023b) Pregnancy in Horses. Available at: https://www.petmd.com/horse/pregnancy-horses (Accessed: 13 March 2025)
A few points to remember when using et al.:
Example
In-text citation
Torrington et al. (2014, p.46) demonstrated...
(Torrington et al., 2014, p. 46)
Quote example:
" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al., 2013, p.14).
Reference
Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
When referencing an online image, follow this order:
Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.
Year published. (in brackets)
Title/description. (in italics)
[format] (image/photograph etc.)
Available at: URL
(Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)
Example: Online image
In-text citation:
(Rana, 2013)
The image by Rana (2013) depicts...
Reference list:
Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].
When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:
If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.
Example: Print image
In-text citation:
(Campbell et al, 2015)
Campbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.
Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:
Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).
Reference list:
Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach. Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.
Figures
A figure can be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or any illustration in your assignment.
Tables
Tables are orderly rows and columns of words or numbers.
The use of tables, diagrams, and images should be treated as direct quotes by acknowledging the author(s) and including page numbers in both your text and the caption.
What to do
If you include figures, diagrams or images in your work, remember to:
Harvard referencing style:
Book and article illustrations, figures, diagrams and tables (Section G, 19.5)
A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:
Example: online document
In-text citation:
(Munafò, 2019)
Munafò (2019) states …
Reference list:
Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).
Legislation
Example
In-text citation
...(Crime and Disorder Act 1998).
(Health and Safety at Work Act 1974)
Free early years provision must be provided by the local authority (Education Act 2011).
In your in-text citation, you need to use the title of the Act and the year, and both should always be in italics.
Reference list entry
Crime and Disorder Act 1998, c. 5. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/37/section/5 (Accessed 22 April 2025).
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, c. 37. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/37/contents (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
Education Act 2011, c. 21. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/21/contents (Accessed: 7 January 2025).
Government publications could be Command Papers (Green and White papers) or Departmental publications.
Command Papers
When referencing, follow this order:
If you have viewed the online version, follow this order:
In -text citation
Summarised advice on archives (Lord Chancellor's Department, 1999; Ministry of Justice, 2013) ...
Reference list
Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives. London: The Stationery Office (Cm 4516).
Ministry of Justice (2013) Transforming rehabilitation: a strategy for reform (Cm 8619). Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228744/8619.pdf (Accessed: 31 July 2023).
Departmental publications
When referencing, follow this order:
If you have viewed the online version, follow this order:
In -text citation
Summarised advice on inequalities (Ministry of Justice, 2020) ...
Reference list
Ministry of Justice (2020) Knife and offensive weapon sentencing statistics: July to September 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/knife-and-offensive-weapon-sentencing-statistics-july-to-september-2020 (Accessed: 31 July 2023).
When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:
In text citation
(Environment Agency, 2019)
The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...
Reference list
Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).
Replace what would be the author with the title.
In text citation
A rewilding project (2019) has been met...
Reference list
Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).
Example: Web page (no date)
If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).
In-text citation
(Allen n.d.)
Reference list
Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).
When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:
Example: online newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Ough, 2015)
Ough (2015) questions...
Reference list:
Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times. 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).
When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:
Example: print newspaper article
In-text citation:
(Browne, 2010)
Browne (2010) mentions...
Reference list
Browne, R. (2010). 'This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March, 45.
In-text citation
IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).
Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.
Follow this order:
In-text citation
Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....
Reference List
Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).
There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.
Printed map
Ordnance Survey map
Example:
In text citation:
(Ordnance Survey, 2016)
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Online maps
Digimap
Example:
In-text citation
(Ordnance Survey, 2011)
Reference list
Ordnance Survey, (2011). Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).
Google Earth Maps
Example:
In-text citation
(Google Earth, 2008)
Reference list
Google Earth 6.0. (2008). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
When referencing standards, use this order:
Example: Standards
In-text citation:
(BSI 8001, 2017)
BSI 8001 (2017) says ...
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide, London: British Standards Institution.
Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:
For example:
British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).
When referencing conference papers, follow this order:
Example
In-text citation:
(Jones, 1994)
Jones (1994) says ...
Reference list:
Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookfield, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.
Online conference papers
Example
In-text citation
(Jones, 1999)
Jones (1999) says ...
Reference list
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).
To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:
If viewed online, add:
Example:
In-text citation:
(Brennan, 1993)
Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…
Reference list:
Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality. MSc. Aberystwyth University.
Follow this order:
Example: X/Twitter
In-text citation:
(Aberystwyth University, 2023)
Aberystwyth University (2023) are ...
Reference list:
Aberystwyth University (2023) 'Scientists are in Switzerland investigating the increase in rock cover.' [X/Twitter] 6 July. Available at: https://twitter.com/AberUni/status/1676496158691082248 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).
When referencing a YouTube video, use this order:
In-text
...(Medicosis Perfectionalis, 2022)
Reference list
Medicosis Perfectionalis (2022) An Introduction to Microbiology. Available at: https://youtu.be/ukT8YrZ_kM8 (Accessed: 15 March 2025).
When referencing a blog, use this order:
Example: Blog
In-text citation:
(Marikar, 2018)
Marikar (2018) suggested...
Reference list:
Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).
When referencing your own work, use this order:
Example: Student's own work
In-text citation:
(Smith, 2019)
The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...
Reference list:
Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.
The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here.
Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide AI and the Library
Comprehensive guidance on AI for staff and students https://www.aber.ac.uk/en/is/help/ai/
